Build your own CPU with transistors.
The most famous Build own CPU using transistors that were built using transistors are the Mega processor, it is home-built 16bit computer using tens of thousands of transistors.
About a foot-long, here is one 8-bit adder circuit.
The CPU has 15,300 transistors, although around half of those are for driving LEDs as each major signal in the computer has its own LED (as shown in the circuit board above). The 256 byte RAM, also built using transistors, used 27,000 transistors, 10% or so for driving LEDs.
The instruction set includes hardware multiply and divide. It runs at clock speeds up to 20 kHz.
Here is a more modest 16-bit computer, the MT-15 build mostly using transistors (about 3000 of them):
And Clem Cole has written a good answer about the MOnSter 6502, so I won’t repeat that.
Nowadays people forget that there was a generation of computers (second generation, late 1950’s to mid-1960s) that used discrete transistors mounted on printed circuit cards. Examples are the UNIVAC 1107, IBM 7090 and 7094, and PDP-1 and 8. The IBM 7090 was the transistorized version of the vacuum tube IBM 709 machine.
The Digital Equipment PDP-8, a popular second-generation 12-bit minicomputer (1965) had around 1400 transistors and slightly over 10,000 diodes on 230 cards.
Here is a triple flip-flop “Flip Chip” card used in a PDP-8 with transistors and diodes identified:
The most difficult part about building an all-transistor computer, as exemplified by the Mega processor, is not the CPU but the memory. Whole second-generation computers, including the PDP-8, used core memory. A lot of third-generation and all later ones used semiconductor memory. In any commercial computer, I am aware of, discrete transistors were never used as main memory.
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